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Language and Communication Technologies
Language and Communication Technologies (LCT; also known as ''Human Language Technologies'' or ''Language Technology'' for short) is the scientific study of technologies that explore language and communication. It is an interdisciplinary field that encompasses the fields of Computer Science, Linguistics and Cognitive Science.
==History==
One of the first problems to be studied in the 1950s, shortly after the invention of computers, was an LCT problem, namely the translation of human languages. The large amounts of funding poured into machine translation testifies to the perceived importance of the field, right from the beginning. It was also in this period that scholars started to develop theories of language and communication based on scientific methods. In the case of language, it was Noam Chomsky who redefined the goal of linguistics as a quest for a formal description of language,〔Noam Chomsky, ''Syntactic Structures'', London: Mouton, 1957.〕 whilst Claude Shannon and Warren Weaver provided a mathematical theory that linked communication with information.〔(A Mathematical Theory of Communication ). Cm.bell-labs.com (1998-05-18). Retrieved on 2011-03-21.〕
Computers and related technologies have provided a physical and conceptual framework within which scientific studies concerning the notion of communication within a computational framework could be pursued. Indeed, this framework has been fruitful on a number of levels. For a start, it has given birth to a new discipline, known as Natural Language Processing (NLP), or Computational Linguistics (CL). This discipline studies, from a computational perspective, all levels of language from the production of speech to the meanings of texts and dialogues. And over the past 40 years, NLP has produced an impressive computational infrastructure of resources, techniques, and tools for analyzing sound structure (phonology), word structure (morphology), grammatical structure (syntax) and meaning structure (semantics). As well as being important for language-based applications, this computational infrastructure makes it possible to investigate the structure of human language and communication at a deeper scientific level than was ever previously possible.
Moreover, NLP fits in naturally with other branches of computer science, and in particular, with Artificial Intelligence (AI).〔(AITopics / NaturalLanguage ). Aaai.org. Retrieved on 2011-03-21.〕 From an AI perspective, language use is regarded as a manifestation of intelligent behaviour by an active agent. The emphasis in AI-based approaches to language and communication is on the computational infrastructure required to integrate linguistic performance into a general theory of intelligent agents that includes, for example, learning generalizations on the basis of particular experience, the ability to plan and reason about intentionally produced utterances, the design of utterances that will fulfill a particular set of goals. Such work tends to be highly interdisciplinary in nature, as it needs to draw on ideas from such fields as linguistics, cognitive psychology, and sociology. LCT draws on and incorporates knowledge and research from all these fields.
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